Contiene: abreviatura, glosario, índice analítico, preguntas y respuestas y referencias bibliográficas

The pediatric eye examination. Examination of children in the outpatient setting. History and examination: general considerations and strategies. Examination: specific elements. Visual acuity assessment. Red reflex examination and the Brückner test. Dynamic retinoscopy. Visual field testing. Pupil testing. Anterior segment examination. Intraocular pressure measurement. Cycloplegic refraction. Fundus examination. Strabismus. Strabismus terminology. Definitions. Prefixes and suffixes. Strabismus classification terms. Abbreviations for types of strabismus. Anatomy of the extraocular muscles. Origin, course, insertion, and innervation of the extraocular muscles. Horizontal rectus muscles. Vertical rectus muscles. Oblique muscles. Levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Relationship of the rectus muscle insertions. Blood supply of the extraocular muscles. Arterial system. Venous system. Structure of the extraocular muscles. Orbital and fascial relationships. Adipose tissue. Muscle cone. Muscle capsule. The tenon capsule. The pulley system. Anatomical considerations for ophthalmic procedures. Motor physiology. Basic principles and terms. Ocular rotations. Positions of gaze. Extraocular muscle action. Eye movements. Motor units. Monocular eye movements. Binocular eye movements. Supranuclear control systems for eye movement. Sensory physiology of normal binocular vision. Retinal correspondence. Fusion. Selected aspects of the neurophysiology of vision. Visual development. Effects of abnormal visual experience on the retinogeniculocortical pathway. Abnormalities of binocular vision. Diplopia. Sensory adaptations in strabismus. Suppression. Anomalous retinal correspondence. Monofixation syndrome. Amblyopia. Epidemiology. Pathophysiology. Classification. Strabismic amblyopia. Refractive amblyopia. Visual deprivation amblyopia. Detection and screening. Evaluation. Treatment. Cataract removal. Refractive correction. Occlusion therapy. Pharmacologic or optical treatment. Binocular treatment. Complications and challenges of therapy. Diagnostic evaluation of strabismus and torticollis. Obtaining a history in cases of strabismus or torticollis. Assessment of ocular alignment. Diagnostic positions of gaze. Cover tests. Corneal light reflex and red reflex tests. Subjective tests of ocular alignment. Assessment of eye movements. Ocular rotations. Convergence. Fusional vergence. Forced duction, active force generation, and saccadic velocity. The 3-step test. Tests of sensory adaptation and binocular function. The red-glass (diplopia) test. Bagolini lenses. The 4∆ base-out prism test. The afterimage test. Amblyoscope testing. The worth 4-dot test. Stereoacuity tests. Assessment of the field of single binocular vision. The prism adaptation test. Torticollis: differential diagnosis and evaluation. Ocular torticollis. Esodeviations. Pseudoesotropia. Infantile (congenital) esotropia. Pathogenesis. Clinical features and evaluation. Management. Accommodative esotropia. Pathogenesis and types of accommodative esotropia. Management. acquired nonaccommodative esotropia. Basíc acquired nonaccommodative esotropia. Cyclic esotropia. Sensory esotropia. Divergence insufficiency. Spasm of the near reflex. Consecutive esotropia. Nystagmus and esotropia. Incomitant esotropia. Sixth nerve palsy. Other forms of incomitant esotropia. Exodeviations. Pseudoexotropia. Exophora. Intermittent exotropia. Clinical characteristics. Convergence insufficiency. Constant exotropia. Infantile exotropia. Sensory exotropia. Consecutive exotropia. Other forms of exotropia. Exotropic duane retraction syndrome. Neuromuscular abnormalities. Dissociated horizontal deviation. Convergence paralysis. Pattern strabismus. Etiology. Clinical features and identification of pattern strabismus . V pattern. A pattern. Y pattern. X pattern. λ pattern. Surgical correction of pattern deviations: general principles. Surgical treatment of specific patterns. Vertical deviations. A clinical approach to vertical deviations. Vertical deviations with marked horizontal incomitance. Overelevation and overdepression in adduction. Superior oblique muscle palsy. Inferior oblique muscle palsy. Skew deviation. Other conditions with incomitant vertical deviations. Vertical deviations with horizontal comitance. Monocular elevation. deficiency. Orbital floor fractures. Dissociated vertical deviation. Clinical features. Special motility disorders. Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. Duane retraction syndrome. Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles. Möbius syndrome. Miscellaneous special forms of strabismus. Brown syndrome. Third nerve palsy. Fourth nerve palsy. Sixth nerve palsy. Thyroid eye disease. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. Myasthenia gravis. Esotropia and hypotropia associated with high myopia. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Ocular motor apraxia. Superior oblique myokymia. Strabismus associated with other ocular surgery. Childhood nystagmus. General features. nomenclature. Types of childhood nystagmus. Infantile nystagmus syndrome (congenital nystagmus). Central vestibular instability nystagmus (periodic alternating nystagmus). Fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome (latent nystagmus). Acquired nystagmus. Nystagmus-like disorders. Induced convergence-retraction (convergence-retraction nystagmus). Opsoclonus. Ocular examination. Prisms. Surgery. Surgery of the extraocular muscles. Indications for surgery. Planning considerations. Vision. General considerations. Incomitance. Cyclovertical strabismus. Prior surgery. Surgical techniques for the extraocular muscles and tendons. Approaches to the extraocular muscles. Rectus muscle weakening procedures. Rectus muscle tightening procedures. Rectus muscle surgery for hypotropia and hypertropia. Adjustable sutures. Oblique muscle weakening procedures. oblique muscle tightening procedures. Stay sutures. Transposition procedures. Posterior fixation. Complications of strabismus surgery. Diplopia. Unsatisfactory alignment. Iatrogenic brown syndrome. Anti-elevation syndrome. Lost and slipped muscles. Pulled-in-two syndrome. Perforation of the sclera. Postoperative infections. Pyogenic granuloma and foreign-body granuloma. Epithelial cyst. Conjunctival scarring. Adherence syndrome. Delle. Anterior segment ischemia. Change in eyelid position. Refractive changes. Anesthesia for extraocular muscle surgery. Methods. Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Oculocardiac reflex. Malignant hyperthermia. Chemodenervation using botulinum toxin. Pharmacology and mechanism of action. Indications, techniques, and results. Complications. Pediatric ophthalmology. Growth and development of the eye. Normal growth and development. Dimensions of the eye. Refractive state. Orbit and ocular adnexa. Cornea, iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Intraocular pressure. Extraocular muscles. Retina. Visual acuity and stereoacuity. Abnormal growth and development. Decreased vision in infants and pediatric vision rehabilitation. Visual development in young infants. Classification of visual impairment in infants and children. Pregeniculate visual impairment. Cerebral visual impairment. Delayed visual maturation. Evaluation of the infant with decreased vision. Pediatric low vision rehabilitation. Eyelid disorders. Congenital eyelid disorders. Dystopia canthorum. Cryptophthalmos. Ablepharon. Congenital coloboma of the eyelid. Ankyloblepharon. Congenital ectropion. Congenital entropion. Epiblepharon. Congenital tarsal kink. Distichiasis. Euryblepharon. Epicanthus. Palpebral fissure slants. Congenital ptosis. Other causes of ptosis in children. Infectious and inflammatory eyelid disorders. Vascular eyelid disorders. Port-wine stain. Eyelid hemangioma. Neoplasms and other noninflammatory eyelid lesions. Pilomatricoma. Epithelial lesions. Eyelid nevi. Other eyelid conditions. Trichotillomania. Excessive blinking. Orbital disorders. Abnormal interocular distance: terminology and associations. Congenital and developmental disorders: craniofacial. Malformations. Craniosynostosis. Nonsynostotic craniofacial conditions. Infectious and inflammatory conditions. Preseptal cellulitis. Orbital cellulitis. Childhood orbital inflammation. Neoplasms. Differential diagnosis. Primary malignant neoplasms. Metastatic tumors. Hematopoietic, lymphoproliferative, and histiocytic neoplasms. Benign tumors. Ectopic tissue masses. Cystic lesions. Teratoma. Ectopic lacrimal gland. Lacrimal drainage system abnormalities. Congenital and developmental anomalies. Atresia of the lacrimal puncta or canaliculi. Congenital lacrimal fistula. Dacryocystocele. Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Clinical features and examination. Nonsurgical management. Surgical management. External diseases of the eye. Infectious conjunctivitis. Ophthalmia neonatorum. Bacterial conjunctivitis in children and adolescents. Viral conjunctivitis in infants and children. Inflammatory disease. Blepharitis. Ocular allergy. Ligneous conjunctivitis. Other conjunctival and subconjunctival disorders. Papillomas. Conjunctival epithelial inclusion cysts. Conjunctival nevi. Ocular melanocytosis. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Disorders of the anterior segment. Abnormalities of corneal size or shape. Megalocornea. Microcornea. Keratoglobus. keratoconus. Abnormalities of peripheral corneal transparency. Posterior embryotoxon. Cornea plana. Epibulbar dermoid. Dermolipoma. Abnormalities of central and diffuse corneal transparency. Primary causes. Secondary causes. Treatment of corneal opacities. Congenital and developmental anomalies of the globe. Microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma. Nanophthalmos. Congenital and developmental anomalies of the iris or pupil. Abnormalities of the iris. Abnormalities in the size, shape, or location of the pupil. Acquired corneal conditions. Keratitis. Systemic diseases affecting the cornea or iris. Metabolic disorders affecting the cornea or iris. Other systemic diseases affecting the cornea or iris. Tumors of the anterior segment. Cornea. Iris. Ciliary body. Miscellaneous clinical signs. Pediatric iris heterochromia. Anisocoria. Pediatric glaucomas. Genetics. Primary childhood glaucoma. Primary congenital glaucoma. Juvenile open-angle glaucoma. Secondary childhood glaucoma. Secondary glaucoma associated with an acquired condition. Glaucoma following cataract surgery. Surgical therapy. Medical therapy. Prognosis and follow-up. Childhood cataracts and other pediatric lens disorders. Pediatric cataracts. General features. Morphology. Evaluation of pediatric cataracts. Cataract surgery in pediatric patients. Timing of the procedure. Intraocular lens use in children. Management of the anterior capsule. Lensectomy without intraocular lens implantation. Lensectomy with intraocular lens implantation. Postoperative care. complications following pediatric cataract surgery. Visual outcome after cataract extraction. Structural or positional lens abnormalities. Congenital aphakia. Spherophakia. Coloboma. Dislocated lenses in children. Isolated ectopia lentis. Ectopia lentis et pupillae. Marfan syndrome. Homocystinuria. Weill-Marchesani syndrome. Sulfite oxidase deficiency. Uveitis in the pediatric age group. Anterior uveitis. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Juvenile spondyloarthropathies. Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome. Kawasaki disease. Other causes of anterior uveitis. Intermediate uveitis. Posterior uveitis. Toxoplasmosis. Toxocariasis. Other causes of posterior uveitis. Panuveitis. Sarcoidosis. Familial juvenile systemic granulomatosis. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. Other causes of panuveitis. Masquerade syndromes. Evaluation of pediatric uveitis. Treatment of pediatric uveitis. Management of inflammation. Surgical treatment of complications of uveitis. Disorders of the retina and vitreous. Congenital and developmental abnormalities. Persistent fetal vasculature. Retinopathy of prematurity. Hereditary retinal disease. Hereditary macular dystrophies. Hereditary vitreoretinopathies. Infectious diseases. Herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus. Human immunodeficiency virus. Tumors. Choroidal and retinal pigment epithelial lesions. Retinoblastoma. Acquired disorders. Coats disease. Optic disc abnormalities. Developmental anomalies. Optic nerve hypoplasia. Morning glory disc anomaly. Optic nerve coloboma. Optic nerve pit. Myelinated retinal nerve fiber layer. Tilted disc. Bergmeister papilla. Megalopapilla. Peripapillary staphyloma. Optic nerve aplasia. Melanocytoma of the optic disc. Optic atrophy. Dominant optic atrophy, kjer type. Recessive optic atrophy. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Optic neuritis. Papilledema. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Pseudopapilledema. Drusen. Ocular trauma in childhood. Special considerations in the management of pediatric ocular trauma. Accidental trauma. Corneal abrasion. Thermal injury. Chemical injury. Corneal foreign body. Penetrating or perforating injury. Blunt injury. Orbital fractures. Traumatic optic neuropathy. Nonaccidental trauma. Abusive head trauma. Ocular injury secondary to nonaccidental trauma. Ocular manifestations of systemic disease. Diseases due to chromosomal abnormalities. Inborn errors of metabolism. Familial oculorenal syndromes. Lowe syndrome. Alport syndrome. Ciliopathies. Neuro-oculocutaneous syndromes. Neurofibromatosis type 1. Neurofibromatosis type 2. Tuberous sclerosis. Von Hippel-Lindau disease. Sturge-Weber syndrome. Ataxia-telangiectasia. Incontinencia pigmenti. Wyburn-Mason syndrome. Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome. Albinism. Diabetes mellitus. Intrauterine or perinatal infection. Toxoplasmosis. Rubella. Cytomegalovirus. Herpes simplex virus. Syphilis. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Zika virus. Malignant disease. Leukemia. Neuroblastoma.