Contiene: índice analítico, preguntas y respuestas

Basic anatomy. the vitreus. Neurosensory retina. Retinal topography. Retinal layers and neurosensory elements. Retinal vasculature and oxygen supply. Retinal pigment epithelium. Bruch membrane. Choroid. Sclera. Diagnostic approach to retinal disease. Ophthalmoscopy. Imaging technologies. Fundus camera imaging. Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Optical coherence tomography. Optical coherence tomography angiography. Fundus autofluorescence. Adaptive optics imaging. Retinal angiographic techniques. Ultrasonography. Retinal physiology and psychophysics. Electrophysiologic testing. Electroretinography. Full-field (ganzfeld) ERG. Multifocal ERG. Pattern ERG. Clinical considerations. Electro-oculography. Visual evoked cortical potentials. Psychophysical testing. Color vision. Contrast sensitivity. Dark adaptometry. Disorders of the retina and vitreous. Age-related macular degeneration and other causes of choroidal neovascularization. Age-related macular degeneration. Genetics and AMD. Nonneovascular AMD. Neovascular AMD. Other causes of choroidal neovascularization. Ocular Histoplasmosis syndrome. Angioid streaks. Pathologic myopia. Idiopathic CNV miscellaneous causes of CNV. Retinal vascular disease: diabetic retinopathy. Terminology and classification. Diabetes terminology. Diabetic retinopathy terminology. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy. Pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Recommended diabetes mellitus-related ophthalmic examinations. Systemic medical management of diabetic retinopathy. Abnormalities associated with vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Treatment of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and its complications. Diabetic macular edema. Classification of diabetic macular edema. Treatment of diabetic macular edema. Cataract surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus. Retinal vascular diseases associated with cardiovascular disease. Systemic arterial hypertension. Hypertensive retinopathy. Hypertensive choroidopathy. Hypertensive optic neuropathy. Retinal vein occlusion. Branch retinal vein occlusion. Central retinal vein occlusion. Pharmacologic management of retinal vein occlusion. Ocular Ischemic syndrome and retinopathy of carotid occlusive disease. Symptoms and signs of Ocular Ischemic syndrome. Etiology and course of Ocular Ischemic syndrome. Treatment of Ocular Ischemic syndrome. Arterial occlusive disease. Capillary retinal arteriole obstruction (cotton-wool spots). Branch retinal artery occlusion. Cilioretinal artery occlusion. Paracentral acute middle maculopathy. Central retinal artery occlusion. Ophthalmic artery occlusion. Arterial macroaneurysms. Other retinal vascular diseases. Sickle cell retinopathy. Nonproliferative sickle cell retinopathy. Proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. Other ocular abnormalities in sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. Management of sickle cell retinopathy. Vasculitis. Cystoid macular edema. Etiologies of CME. Incidence of CME. Treatment of CME. Coats disease. Macular telangiectasia. Macular telangiectasia type 1. Macular telangiectasia type 2. Macular telangiectasia type 3. Phakomatoses. Von hippel-lindau disease. Wyburn-Mason syndrome. Retinal cavernous hemangioma. Radiation retinopathy. Valsalva retinopathy. Purtscher retinopathy and purtscherlike retinopathy. Terson syndrome. Retinopathy of prematurity. Introduction. Epidemiology. Terminology and classification. Pathophysiology of ROP. Natural course. Associated conditions and late sequelae. Screening recommendations. Screening criteria. Screening intervals. Fundus photographic screening of ROP. Prevention and risk factors. Treatment. Laser and cryoablation surgery. Anti-VEGF drugs. Vitrectomy and scleral buckling surgery. Choroidal disease. Central serous chorioretinopathy. Demographics. Imaging. Differential diagnosis. Treatment. Choroidal perfusion abnormalities. Arteritic disease. Nonarteritic disease. Choriocapillaris blood flow abnormalities. Increased venous pressure. Age-related choroidal atrophy. Choroidal folds. Choroidal hemangiomas. Uveal Effusion syndrome. Bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation. Myopia and pathologic myopia. Prevention. The retina. Bruch membrane. Choroidal neovascularization. The choroid in pathologic myopia. The sclera. The optic nerve. Focal and diffuse choroidal and retinal inflammation. Noninfectious retinal and choroidal inflammation. White Dot syndromes. Chorioretinal autoimmune conditions. Sympathetic ophthalmia. Uveitis masquerade: intraocular lymphoma. Infectious retinal and choroidal inflammation. Cytomegalovirus retinitis. Non-CMV necrotizing herpetic retinitis. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Fungal endophthalmitis. Tuberculosis. Syphilitic chorioretinitis. Cat-Scratch disease. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Toxocariasis. Lyme disease. Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis. West Nile virus chorioretinitis. Zika virus chorioretinitis. Ebola virus panuveitis. Chikungunya virus retinitis. Congenital and stationary retinal disease. Color vision (Cone system) abnormalities. Congenital color deficiency. Night vision (Rod system) abnormalities. Congenital night-blinding disorders with normal fundi. Congenital night-blinding disorders with fundus abnormality. Hereditary retinal and choroidal dystrophies. Classification. General diagnostic considerations. General genetic considerations. General management considerations. Diffuse dystrophies. Diffuse photoreceptor dystrophies. Choroidal dystrophies. Macular dystrophies. Stargardt disease. Best disease or best vitelliform dystrophy. Adult-onset vitelliform lesions. Early-onset “drusenoid” macular dystrophies. Pattern dystrophies. Atypical and “occult” macular dystrophies. Inner retinal dystrophies. X-Linked retinoschisis. Retinal degenerations associated with systemic disease. Retinal degeneration with systemic involvement. Infantile-Onset to early Childhood-Onset syndromes. Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Hearing loss and pigmentary retinopathy: Usher syndrome. Neuromuscular disorders. Other organ system disorders. Paraneoplastic and autoimmune retinopathies. Metabolic diseases. Albinism. Central nervous system metabolic abnormalities. Amino acid disorders. Mitochondrial disorders. Systemic drug-induced retinal toxicity. Drugs causing abnormalities of the retinal pigment epithelium/photoreceptor complex. Chloroquine derivatives. Phenothiazines. Miscellaneous medications. Drugs causing occlusive retinopathy or microvasculopathy. Drugs causing ganglion cell and optic nerve toxicity. Drugs causing macular edema. Drugs causing crystalline retinopathy. Drugs causing abnormalities in color vision and electroretinography. Miscellaneous drugs causing ocular toxicities. Retinal detachment and predisposing lesions. Posterior vitreous detachment. Examination and management of posterior vitreous detachment. Lesions that predispose eyes to retinal detachment. Lattice degeneration. Vitreoretinal tufts. Meridional folds, enclosed ora bays, and peripheral retinal excavations. Lesions that do not predispose eyes to retinal detachment. Paving-stone degeneration. Retinal pigment epithelial hyperplasia. Retinal pigment epithelial hypertrophy. Peripheral cystoid degeneration. Retinal breaks. Traumatic breaks. Trauma in young eyes. Prophylactic treatment of retinal breaks. Symptomatic retinal breaks. Asymptomatic retinal breaks. Lattice degeneration. Aphakia and pseudophakia. Fellow eye in patients with retinal detachment. Subclinical retinal detachment. Retinal detachment. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Tractional retinal detachment. Exudative retinal detachment. Differential diagnosis of retinal detachment. Retinoschisis. Differentiation of retinoschisis from rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Macular lesions associated with retinal detachment. Optic pit maculopathy. Macular holes in high myopia. Diseases of the vitreous and vitreoretinal interface. Posterior vitreous detachment. Epiretinal membranes. Vitreomacular traction diseases. Idiopathic macular holes. Developmental abnormalities. Tunica vasculosa lentis. Prepapillary vascular loops. Persistent fetal vasculature. Hereditary hyaloideoretinopathies with optically empty vitreous: Wagner and Stickler syndromes. Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy. Vitreous opacities. Vitreous degeneration and detachment associated opacities (“floaters”). Asteroid hyalosis. Vitreous hemorrhage. Pigment granules. Cholesterolosis. Amyloidosis. Vitreous abnormalities secondary to surgery. Posterior segment manifestations of trauma. Evaluation of the patient after ocular trauma. Blunt trauma without break in eye wall. Commotio retinae. Choroidal rupture. Posttraumatic macular hole. Vitreous hemorrhage. Traumatic chorioretinal disruption (retinal sclopetaria). Open-globe injuries. Scleral rupture. Lacerating and penetrating injuries. Perforating injuries. Surgical management. Intraocular foreign bodies. Posttraumatic endophthalmitis. Prognostication of globe injuries. Sympathetic ophthalmia. Avulsion of the optic nerve head. Abusive head trauma. Photic damage. Solar retinopathy. Phototoxicity from ophthalmic instrumentation. Occupational light toxicity. Handheld laser-pointer injury. Selected therapeutic topics. Laser therapy for posterior segment diseases. Basic principles of photocoagulation. Choice of laser wavelength. Practical aspects of laser photocoagulation. Complications of photocoagulation. Transpupillary thermotherapy. Photodynamic therapy. Complications of photodynamic therapy. Vitreoretinal surgery and intravitreal injections. Pars plana vitrectomy. Vitrectomy for selected macular diseases. Macular epiretinal membranes. Vitreomacular traction diseases. Submacular hemorrhage. Vitrectomy for vitreous opacities. Vitrectomy for complications of diabetic retinopathy. Vitreous hemorrhage. Diabetic tractional retinal detachment. Diabetic macular edema. Vitrectomy for posterior segment complications of anterior segment surgery. Postoperative endophthalmitis. Retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification. Posteriorly dislocated intraocular lenses. Cystoid macular edema. Suprachoroidal hemorrhage. Needle penetration of the globe. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery. Techniques for surgical repair of retinal detachments. Outcomes following retinal reattachment surgery. Complications of pars plana vitrectomy. Intravitreal injections.