Contiene: índice analítico, preguntas y respuestas

Epidemiology of cataract. Highlights. Introduction. Cataract prevalence and distribution of subtypes. Risk Factors for the development of cataract. Cataract surgery rate and outcomes. Anatomy. Highlights. Normal crystalline lens. Capsule. Zonular fibers. Lens epithelium. Nucleus and cortex. Biochemistry and physiology. Highlights. Molecular biology. Crystallin proteins. Membrane structural proteins and cytoskeletal proteins. Increase of water-insoluble proteins with age. Carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt. Sorbitol pathway. Oxidative damage and protective mechanisms. Lens physiology. Maintenance of lens water and cation balance. Accommodation and presbyopia. Embryology and developmental defects. Highlights. Normal development of the lens. Lens placode. Lens pit. Lens vesicle. Primary lens fibers and the embryonic nucleus. Secondary lens fibers. Lens sutures and the fetal nucleus. Tunica vasculosa lentis. The zonule of zinn. Congenital anomalies and abnormalities. Congenital aphakia. Lenticonus and lentiglobus. Lens coloboma. Mittendorf dot. Epicapsular star. Peters anomaly. Microspherophakia. Aniridia. Persistent fetal vasculature. Congenital cataract. Developmental defects. Ectopia lentis. Genetic contributions to age-related cataracts. Ectopia lentis et pupillae. Pathology. Highlights. Age-related lens changes. Nuclear cataracts. Cortical cataracts. Posterior subcapsular cataracts. Cataract grading and classification. Drug-induced lens changes. Corticosteroids. Phenothiazines. Miotics. Amiodarone. Statins. Tamoxifen. Trauma. Contusion. Perforating or penetrating injury. Intraocular procedures. Intralenticular foreign bodies. Radiation. Metallosis. Electrical injury. Chemical injuries. Metabolic cataract. Diabetes mellitus. Galactosemia. Hypocalcemia. Wilson disease. Myotonic dystrophy. Effects of nutrition, alcohol, and smoking. Cataract associated with uveitis. Lens changes with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Cataract and atopic dermatitis. Phacoantigenic uveitis. Lens-induced glaucoma. Phacolytic glaucoma. Lens particle glaucoma. Phacomorphic glaucoma. Glaukomflecken. Ischemia. Cataracts associated with degenerative ocular disorders. Evaluation and management of cataracts. Highlights. Introduction. Clinical history: signs and symptoms. Decreased visual acuity. Glare and altered contrast sensitivity. Myopic shift. Monocular diplopia or polyopia. Decreased visual function. Nonsurgical management. Indications for surgery. Preoperative evaluation. General health of the patient. Pertinent ocular history. Social history. Measurements of visual function. Visual acuity testing. Refraction. Glare testing. Contrast sensitivity testing. External examination. Motility and ocular dominance. Pupils. Slit-lamp examination. Conjunctiva. Cornea. Anterior chamber and iris. Crystalline lens. Limitations of slit-lamp examination. Fundus evaluation. Ophthalmoscopy. Optic nerve. Fundus evaluation with opaque media. Special tests. Potential acuity estimation. Visual field testing. Assessment of corneal endothelial function. Objective tests of macular function. Preoperative considerations for cataract surgery. Highlights. Preoperative measurements. Axial length. Corneal power. Effective lens position. IOL power determination. Classic regression formula. IOL calculation. Preventing errors in IOL calculation, selection, and insertion. Improving outcomes. Patient preparation and informed consent. Anesthesia for cataract surgery. Antimicrobial therapy. Before surgery. In surgery. After surgery. Ophthalmic viscosurgical devices. Physical properties. Uses of ophthalmic viscosurgical devices. Surgical checklist. Phacoemulsification for cataract extraction. Highlights. Introduction. Instrumentation. Key concepts and advances in phaco power delivery. Phaco tip. Pulse and burst modes. Torsional and elliptical phacoemulsification. Irrigation. Aspiration pumps. Peristaltic (or flow) pumps. Venturi (or vacuum) pumps. Outline of the phacoemulsification procedure. Eye marking and time-out. Exposure of the globe. Paracentesis. Clear corneal incision. Scleral tunnel incision. Continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis. Hydrodissection. Hydrodelineation. Nucleus rotation. Nucleus disassembly and removal. Location of emulsification. Techniques of nucleus disassembly. Irrigation and aspiration. Insertion of the intraocular lens. After IOL insertion. Alternative technologies for cataract extraction. Laser photolysis. Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery. Outcomes of cataract surgery. Optimizing refractive outcomes of cataract surgery. Highlights. Intraocular lenses. Intraocular lens characteristics. Presbyopia correction. Pseudophakic monovision. Accommodating IOLs. Multifocal IOLs. EDOF IOLs. Other presbyopia-correcting IOLs. Postoperative adjustment of intraocular lenses. Modification of preexisting astigmatism. Corneal relaxing incisions. Toric IOLs. Intraoperative challenges in cataract surgery. Highlights. Introduction. Corneal and conjunctival complications. Self-limited intraoperative complications. Incision and wound complications. Descemet membrane detachment. Anterior segment complications. Intraoperative Floppy Iris syndrome. Femtosecond laser-associated miosis. Lens-Iris Diaphragm Retropulsion syndrome. Iridodialysis and iris trauma. Cyclodialysis. Intraoperative shallow or flat anterior chamber. Anterior capsule tears. Posterior capsular rupture. IOL placement with posterior capsule rupture. Hemorrhage. Retrobulbar hemorrhage. Intraoperative hemorrhage. Suprachoroidal effusion or hemorrhage. Expulsive suprachoroidal Hemorrhage. Postoperative surgical course and complications. Highlights. Introduction. Corneal complications. Corneal edema. Corneal melt. Induced astigmatism. Other anterior segment complications. Epithelial or fibrous ingrowth. Shallow or flat anterior chamber. Elevated IOP. Hyphema. Retained lens fragments. Vitreous prolapse in the anterior chamber. Postoperative IOL complications. Decentration and dislocation. Pupillary capture. Capsular Block syndrome. Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphema syndrome. Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy. IOL Opacification. IOL glare and dysphotopsia. Unexpected refractive results. Capsular opacification and contraction. Posterior capsule opacification. Anterior capsule fibrosis and phimosis. Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. Diplopia. Inflammatory and infectious complications. Postoperative Uveitis. Toxic Anterior Segment syndrome. Endophthalmitis. Retinal complications. Cystoid macular edema. Hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis. Retinal light toxicity. Delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage. Retinal detachment. Preparing for cataract surgery in special situations. Highlights. Psychosocial considerations. Claustrophobia. Neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders. Patient communication during eye surgery. Systemic considerations. Medical status. Anticoagulation therapy or bleeding disorders. External ocular abnormalities. Blepharitis and acne rosacea. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Mucous membrane pemphigoid. Exposure keratitis and cranial nerve VII palsy. Corneal pathologies. Corneal disease. Cataract and keratoplasty. Cataract following keratoplasty. Cataract following refractive surgery. Compromised visualization of the lens. Small pupil. Poor red reflex. Altered lens and zonular anatomy. Intumescent cataract. Advanced cataract. Iris coloboma and corectopia. Posterior polar cataract. Zonular dehiscence with lens subluxation or dislocation. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Cataract in aniridia. Conditions associated with extremes in axial length. High myopia. High hyperopia and nanophthalmos. Hypotony. Glaucoma. Assessment. Cataract surgery in an eye with a functioning filter. Combining minimally invasive glaucoma surgery with cataract surgery. Uveitis. Retinal conditions. Retinal disease. Cataract following pars plana vitrectomy. Cataract with intraocular silicone oil. Ocular trauma. Ocular assessment. Visualization during surgery. Inflammation. Retained foreign matter. Cataract in an eye with damage to other ocular tissues. Removal of traumatic cataract. Vision rehabilitation. IOL selection after trauma.