Contiene: índice analítico, preguntas y respuestas

Introduction to glaucoma: terminology, epidemiology, and genetics. Highlights. Definition. Classification. Open-angle, angle-closure, primary, and secondary glaucomas. Epidemiology. Primary open-angle glaucoma. Primary angle-closure glaucoma. Genetics. Juvenile open-angle glaucoma. Familial normal-tension glaucoma. Primary congenital glaucoma. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. Aniridia. Genome-wide association studies. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Genetic testing. Environmental factors. Intraocular pressure and aqueous humor dynamics. Highlights. Aqueous humor production and outflow. Aqueous humor production. Suppression of aqueous humor formation. Aqueous humor outflow. Aqueous humor dynamics. Measurement of aqueous humor production. Measurement of outflow facility. Measurement of episcleral venous pressure. Measurement of uveoscleral outflow rate. Intraocular pressure. IOP distribution and relation to glaucoma. Variations in IOP. Clinical measurement of IOP. Clinical evaluation: history. Highlights. Importance of patient history. Relevant factors. Quality of life. Clinical evaluation and imaging of the anterior segment. Highlights. Refractive error. Ocular adnexa. Pupillary function. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Conjunctiva. Episclera and sclera. Cornea. Anterior chamber. Iris. Lens. Vitreous and fundus. Gonioscopy. Direct and indirect gonioscopy. Gonioscopic assessment and documentation. Anterior segment imaging. Ultrasound biomicroscopy. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Specular microscopy. Clinical evaluation and imaging of the posterior segment: optic nerve, retinal nerve fiber layer, and macula in glaucoma. Highlights. Optic nerve anatomy. Blood supply to the optic nerve. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Clinical examination of the optic nerve head. Recording of optic nerve findings. Imaging of the optic nerve head, macula, and retinal nerve fiber layer. Optical coherence tomography for glaucoma diagnosis. Optical coherence tomography for detecting glaucoma progression. Imaging of the lamina cribosa. Optical coherence tomography angiography. Perimetry. Highlights. Introduction. Basic principles of automated perimetry. Testing strategies. Patterns of testing points. Factors affecting perimetry results. Patient. Perimetrist. Other factors. Interpretation of a single visual field. Test quality. Normality or abnormality of the visual field. Artifacts. Patterns of visual field loss in glaucoma. Interpretation of a series of visual fields and detection of visual field progression. Frequency of testing. Structure and function relationship. Other perimetric tests. Primary open-angle glaucoma. Highlights. Clinical features. Atypical findings. risk factors. Association with systemic conditions. Prognosis and therapy. The glaucoma suspect. Ocular hypertension. Open-angle glaucoma without elevated IOP (normal-tension glaucoma, low-tension glaucoma). Risk factors and clinical features. Differential diagnosis. Diagnostic evaluation. Prognosis and therapy. Secondary open-angle glaucoma. Highlights. Secondary open-angle glaucoma. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Pigment Dispersion syndrome. Lens-induced glaucoma. Intraocular tumors. Ocular inflammation and secondary glaucoma. Elevated episcleral venous pressure. Trauma and surgery. Schwartz syndrome (Schwartz-Matsuo syndrome). Drugs and glaucoma. Primary angle closure. Highlights. Introduction. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Pupillary block. Plateau iris and iris-induced angle closure. Role of medications in angle closure. Risk factors. Race and ethnicity. Ocular biometrics. Age. Sex. Family history and genetics. Refractive error. The primary angle-closure spectrum. Primary angle-closure suspect. Primary angle closure. Primary angle-closure glaucoma. Symptomatic primary angle closure. Plateau iris. Management. Secondary angle closure. Highlights. Introduction. Secondary angle closure with pupillary block. Lens-induced angle closure. Secondary angle closure without pupillary block. Conditions associated with a pulling mechanism. Conditions associated with a pushing mechanism. Conditions associated with combined pushing and pulling or other mechanisms. Glaucoma in children and adolescents. Highlights. Classification. Genetics. Primary congenital glaucoma. Pediatric glaucoma without anterior segment dysgenesis. Pediatric glaucoma with anterior segment dysgenesis. Primary congenital glaucoma. Incidence. Pathophysiology. Clinical features. Differential diagnosis. Treatment and prognosis. Juvenile open-angle glaucoma. Secondary glaucomas due to nonacquired conditions. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. Peter anomaly. Aniridia. Sturge-Weber syndrome. Neurofibromatosis. Secondary glaucomas due to acquired conditions. Glaucoma following cataract surgery. Evaluating the pediatric glaucoma patient. History. Visual acuity. External examination. Anterior segment examination. Tonometry. Pachymetry. Gonioscopy. Optic nerve and fundus evaluation. Visual field testing. A-Scan ultrasonography. Other testing. Treatment overview. Surgical management. Medical management. Prognosis and follow-up. Medical management of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Highlights. Introduction. Prostaglandin analogues. Mechanism of action. Available agents and dosing frequency. Adverse effects. Adrenergic drugs. ß-adrenergic antagonists. Adrenergic agonists. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Mechanism of action. Available agents and dosing frequency. Adverse effects and contraindications. Parasympathomimetic agents. Mechanism of action. Adverse effects. Rho kinase inhibitors. Mechanism of action. Available agents and dosing frequency. Adverse effects. Combined medications. Hyperosmotic agents. General approach to medical treatment. Long-term therapy. Therapy for acute intraocular pressure elevation. Administration of ocular medications. Use of glaucoma medications during pregnancy or by breastfeeding mothers. Use of glaucoma medications in elderly patients. Generic medications. Patient adherence to a medication regimen. Surgical therapy for glaucoma. Highlights. Introduction. Laser trabeculoplasty. Mechanism of action. Indications and contraindications. Technique. Postoperative care. Complications. Efficacy. Cyclodestruction. Mechanism of action. Indications and contraindications. Technique. Postoperative care. Complications. Efficacy. Laser peripheral iridotomy. Mechanism of action. Indications and contraindications. Technique. Postoperative care. Complications. Efficacy. Peripheral iridoplasty. Mechanism of action. Indications and contraindications. Technique. Postoperative care. Complications. Efficacy. Trabeculectomy. Mechanism of action. Indications and contraindications. Technique. Antifibrotic agents in trabeculectomy. Postoperative complications and management. EX-PRESS shunt. Plate-based tube shunt surgery. Mechanism of action. Indications and contraindications. Technique. Postoperative management. Cataract surgery in the glaucoma patient. Ocular hypertension. Primary open-angle glaucoma. Angle-closure glaucoma. Cataract surgery in conjunction with trabeculectomy or tube shunt surgery. Other glaucoma surgeries. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries. Short aqueous stent to subconjunctival space. Nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery. Special considerations in the surgical management of elderly patients.