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Quick-start guide to optics and how to refract. Introductory optics. The tale of the camera obscura. Convex lenses. Combining lenses, Imaging nearby objects: vergense and the vergense. Equation. Concave lenses. Summary thus far. Images in denser media. A very nuch simplified model eye. Astigmatism refreactive errors. How to refract. Perform the prelimimaries. Occlude 1 eye. Obtain initial estimate of the refractive error. Refine cylinder axis and power. Refine sphere power. Occlude the right eye. Refract the left eye. Accommodative control and binocular balence. Refraction at near. Final remarks. Geometric optics. Refractive index. Flat refracting surfaces. Snell's law. Prism power. fresnel prims. Critical angle. Total internal reflection. Refraction by a single curved surface. Two-sided lenses. Principal planes. depth of focus and fepth of field. General refracting systems. Gaussian optics. Real and virtual objects and images. Transverse magnification. Axial (longitudinal) magnification. Conjugate points. Ray tracing. Nodal points. Ray tracing. Nodal points. The reduced, or equivalent, optical system. Aberrations. Point spread function. Wavefront theory. Chromatic aberration. Astigmatism. The conoid of sturm. The spherical equivalent. The power cross. Power Versus-Meridian Graph. Jackson Cross Cylinder. Mirrors. Telescopes. Derivation of the Vergence Equation and the Lensmaker's Equations from Snell's Law. Fermat's Principle. Derivation of the Vergence Equation for Mirrors. Physical Optics. What Is Light? Visible Light. Wave or Particle. Quantum Electrodynamics: unifying theory of light. Refraction and reflection. Scattering. Phenomena of Light. Polarization. Coherence and interference. Diffraction. Measures of Light. Radiometry. Photometry. Conversion Between radiometric and photmetric outputs. Light Sources: Lasers. Fundamentals. Therapeutic Laser-Tissue interactions. Light Hazards. Reconciliation of geometric optics and physical optics. Chapter Exercises. Questions. Answers. Optics of the human eyes. Schematic Eyes. Important Axes of the eye. Pupil Size and Its effect on visual resolution. Visual Acuity. Contrast Sensitivity and the contrast sensitivity function. Refractive States of the eyes. Binocular States of the eyes. Accommodation and presbyopia. Epidemiology of refractive errors. Developmental Myopia. Developmental Hyperopia. Prevention of Refractive errors. Clinical Refraction. Minus Cylinder and plus aylinder terminology. Exam Room Length. g Theory of Light. Objective Refraction Technique: Retinoscopy. Positioning and Alignment. Fixation and Fogging. The Retinal réflex. The Correcting Lens. Finding Neutrality. Retinoscopy of Regular Astigmatism. Aberrations of the Retinoscopic Reflex. Pseudoneutralization. Subjective Refraction Techniques. Astigmatic Dial Technique. Stenopeic Slit Technique. Cross-Cylinder Technique. Refining the Sphere. Binocular Balance. Cycloplegic and Noncycloplegic Refraction. Overrefraction. Spectacle Correction of Ametropias. Spherical Correcting Lenses and the Far Point Concept. The Importance of Vertex Distance. Cylindrical Correcting Lenses and the Far Point Concept. Prescribing for Children. Myopia. Hyperopia. Anisometropia. Clinical Accommodative Problems. Presbyopia. Accommodative Insufficiency. Accommodative Excess. Accommodative convergence/Accommodation Ratio. Effect of Spectacle and Contact Lens Correction on Accommodation and Convergence. Prescribing Multifocal Lenses. Determining the Add Power of a Bifocal Lens. Types of Bifocal Lenses. Trifocal Lenses. Progressive Addition Lenses. The Prentice Rule and Bifocal Lens Design. Occupation and Bifocal Segment. Prescribing Special Lenses. Aphakic Lenses. Absorptive Lenses. Special Lens Materials. Therapeutic Use of Prisms. Management of Anisometropia. Troubleshooting of Dissatisfied Spectacle Wearers. Contact Lenses. Contact Lens Optics. Anisometropia and Image Size. Accommodation. Correcting Astigmatism Contact Lens Materials. Patient History and Examination. Contact Lens Selection. Contact Lens Fitting. Soft Contact Lenses. Rigid Gas-Permeable Contact Lenses. Toric Soft Contact Lenses. Contact Lenses for Presbyopia. Keratoconus and the Abnormal Cornea. Gas-Permeable Scleral Contact Lenses. Contact Lens Overrefraction. Therapeutic Use of Contact Lenses. Orthokeratology and Corneal Reshaping. Custom Contact Lenses. Contact Lens Care and Solutions. Contact Lens-Related Problems and Complications. Infections. Hypoxic/Metabolic Problems. Toxicity. Mechanical Problems. Inflammation. Dry Eye. Over-the-Counter Contact Lenses. Federal Law and Contact Lenses. Intraocular Lenses. Optical Considerations for Intraocular Lenses. Intraocular Lens Power Calculation. Piggyback and Supplemental Intraocular Lenses. Intraocular Lens Power Calculation After Corneal. Refractive Surgery. Instrument Error. Index of Refraction Error. Formula Error. Power Calculation Methods Procedure Eye for the Post-Keratorefractive. Procedure eye. Special Consideration: Postoperative Refractive Surprise in Patients Who Have Undergone Myopic Keratorefractive correction. Intraocular Lens Power in Corneal Transplant Eyes. Silicone Oil Eyes. Pediatric Eyes. Image Magnification. Lens-Related Vision Disturbances. Nonspherical Optics. Multifocal Intraocular Lenses. Types of Multifocal Intraocular Lenses. Clinical Results of Multifocal Intraocular Lenses. Accommodating Intraocular Lenses. Modulation Transfer Function. Intraocular Lens Standards. Optical Considerations in Keratorefractive Surgery. Corneal Shape. Angle Kappa. Pupil Size. Irregular Astigmatism. Application of Wavefront Analysis in Irregular Astigmatism. Causes of Irregular Astigmatism. Optical Instruments. Refraction and Topography. Lensmeter. Autorefractors. Keratometer. Corneal Topography Wavefront Aberrometers. Anterior and Posterior-Segment Imaging. Slit-Lamp Biomicroscope. Examination Techniques. Applanation Tonometry. Surgical Microscope. Specular Microscopy. Auxiliary Lenses for Slit-Lamp Examination of the Retinal. Ophthalmoscopy. Fundus Camera. Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope. Optical Coherence Tomography. Adaptive Optics. Vision Rehabilitation. Approach to the Patient With Low Vision. Low Vision Evaluation. Interventions. Vision Rehabilitation for Field Loss. Discussion With Patients. Other Services. Pediatric Low Vision. Ongoing Eye Care. Related Academy Materials Requesting Continuing Medical Education Credit.

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